Lectura de «El viento norte y el sol» extraída de Martínez Celdrán, E., Fernández Planas, A. M. y Carrera, J. (2003). Castilian Spanish. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33(2), 255–259. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100303001373
Lectura de «El viento norte y el sol». La duración de los segmentos se ha modificado de modo que cada segmento presente la misma duración mediante el scriptfunction_createIsochronousSpeech.praat para el programa Praat elaborado por Volker Dellwo (Universidad de Zürich).
Lectura de «El viento norte y el sol», resintetizado con una curva melódica (f0) plana mediante el programa Praat.
Lectura de «El viento norte y el sol», con la misma duración en cada segmento y resintetizado con una curva melódica (f0) plana mediante el programa Praat.
Los elementos suprasegmentales son fenómenos fonéticos que afectan a más de un segmento:
la sílaba;
la palabra;
el enunciado;
el discurso.
«Suprasegmentales (elementos): Variables fonéticas o fonológicas que sólo pueden describirse en relación con dominios superiores al segmento, como la sílaba, la palabra, el grupo fónico, etc.» (p. 547).
Variaciones en el acento: «Número» (nombre masculino singular) ∼ «Numero» (primera persona del singular del presente de indicativo del verbo «numerar») ∼ «Numeró» (tercera persona del singular del pretérito indefinido del verbo «numerar»)
Variaciones en la melodía (entonación): «Mañana vendrás» (enunciativa) ∼ «¿Mañana vendrás?» (interrogativa)
Rasgos paralingüísticos:
De naturaleza discontinua.
Contienen información sobre aspectos relacionados con la actitud o el estado emocional del hablante.
Variaciones en la cualidad de voz:
Voz susurrada: matiz de conspiración.
Voz de hálito: emociones o deseo.
«The basic psycho-acoustic properties of sound are the source of the main linguistic effects: pitch and loudness. These effects, along with those arising out of the distinctive use of speed and rhythm, are collectively known as the prosodic features of language. … Apart from the contrasts signalled by pitch, loudness, tempo, and rhythm, languages make use of several other distinctive vocal effects, using the range of articulatory possibilities available in the vocal tract. The laryngeal, pharyngeal, oral and nasal cavities can all be used to produce ‘tones of voice’ which alter the meaning of what is said. These effects are sometimes referred to as effects of ‘timbre’ or ‘voice quality’, and studied under the heading of paralanguage — a term intended to convey the less central role played by those features in the communication of meaning, compared with that of other prosodic features» (p. 169).
«Prosodic features: variations in the parameters of frequency, amplitude and speed of utterance (auditorily pitch, loudness and tempo), which permanently characterise speech.
(i) Variations which are relatively easily integrated with other aspects of linguistic structure, particularly grammar and lexis —what are usually referred to as the grammatical and accentual functions of intonation (including such notions as ‘contrastive stress’, nuclear tone selection and placement within the tone-unit, placement of tone-unit boundaries and structural pause).
(ii) Less discrete, attitudinal variations in intonation, involving variables in the sub-systems of tone, tempo, prominence, pitch range and rhythmicality. … Paralinguistic features: discontinuous vocal effect which is primarily identified with reference to the working of physiological mechanisms in the pharyngeal, oral and nasal cavities other than the vocal cord activity which is of primary importance in the identification of prosodic features. Prosodic features (being permanent features of utterance) of course enter into these effects, but are variables in respect of their definition.
(i) voice qualifiers: whispery, breathy, husky, creaky, falsetto and resonant voice.
(ii) voice qualifications: laugh, giggle, tremulousness, sob and cry» (p. 96).
