Variacions en trets fonamentals i variacions en trets secundaris
Les vocals poden variar articulatòriament en tres dimensions (o trets) fonamentals:
El grau d’obertura
El grau d’anterioritat
La labialització
Classificació a l’Alfabet Fonètic Internacional i característiques articulatòries de les vocals
Lawson, E., Stuart-Smith, J., Scobbie, J. M. i Nakai, S. (2018). IPA charts: Vowels. Seeing speech: An articulatory web resource for the study of phonetics. https://www.seeingspeech.ac.uk/ipa-charts/?chart=4
«When describing the vowels that occurred on a particular occasion, one may not have access to measurements of the formant frequencies. Phoneticians who want to describe the vowels of a certain dialect or of a certain speaker often have to rely on their auditory abilities. They plot the vowels on a vowel chart, so that anybody familiar with vowel charts can see where the points are and can infer the quality of the vowels they are describing. For a vowel chart to be truly interpretable, the vowels on it must be plotted with reference to certain fixed points. These points must be known to both the people originally plotting the vowels and the people who are going to interpret their descriptions. … the British phonetician Daniel Jones proposed a series of eight cardinal vowels, evenly spaced around the outside of the possible vowel area and designed to act as fixed reference points for phoneticians. … Two of the cardinal vowels are defined in articulatory terms. Cardinal vowel (1) is produced with the lips spread and the tongue as high and far forward as possible without causing audible friction. It is therefore something like the vowel [i], but with a more extreme quality. The symbol for it is also [i]. The other cardinal vowel that is defined in articulatory terms is cardinal vowel (5). This vowel is made with the lips in a neutral position—neither spread nor rounded—and with the tongue as low and as far back as possible. … The symbol for cardinal vowel (5) is [ɑ]. … Cardinal vowels (2), (3), and (4) are defined as front vowels that form a series of auditorily equidistant steps between numbers (1) and (5). … Cardinal vowels (6), (7), and (8) are defined as vowels that continue from number (5), with the same-size steps as in the first part of the series, but are as back as possible (that is, with as small a distance as possible between formants one and two). In order to continue with these same-size steps, the back vowels have to become not only increasingly higher but also increasingly more rounded. As a result, cardinal vowel (8) is in fact the highest, most back, most rounded possible vowel—even though it is not defined in this way. … The symbols for cardinal vowels (2), (3), and (4) are [e, ɛ, a] respectively. The symbols for cardinal vowels (6), (7), and (8) are [ɔ, o, u]» (p. 217–219).
Totes les llengües presenten contrasts vocàlics en el grau d’obertura.
En llengües amb dos fonemes vocàlics, el contrast fonològic es dona en el grau d’obertura i no en el grau d’anterioritat o posterioritat, encara que els fonemes vocàlics poden presentar realitzacions al·lofòniques més o menys anteriors o posteriors.
Moran, S. i McCloy, D. (Ed.). (2019). Language Marghi Central. A PHOIBLE 2.0. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. https://phoible.org/languages/marg1265
Contrast entre dos graus d’obertura vocàlica en arrernte.
Moran, S. i McCloy, D. (Ed.). (2019). Language Eastern Arrernte. A PHOIBLE 2.0. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. https://phoible.org/languages/east2379
Contrast entre dos graus d’obertura vocàlica en ubykh.
El locutor enregistrat és Tevfik Esenç, considerat l’últim parlant d’ubykh.
Moran, S. i McCloy, D. (Ed.). (2019). Language Abkhazian. A PHOIBLE 2.0. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. https://phoible.org/languages/abkh1244
Moran, S. i McCloy, D. (Ed.). (2019). Language Kabardian. A PHOIBLE 2.0. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. https://phoible.org/languages/kaba1278
«Taking morphologically conditioned phonological alternation into account, the vowel sounds are manifestations of 10 vowel phonemes: /i e ɛ a y ø œ u o ɔ/, cf. Grønnum (1996, 1998)» (p. 101).
Moran, S. i McCloy, D. (Ed.). (2019). Language Danish. A PHOIBLE 2.0. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. https://phoible.org/languages/dani1285
Moran, S. i McCloy, D. (Ed.). (2019). Language Ngwe. A PHOIBLE 2.0. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. https://phoible.org/languages/ngwe1238
Contrast entre tres graus d’anterioritat en les vocals del noruec.
Moran, S. i McCloy, D. (Ed.). (2019). Language Norwegian Bokmål. A PHOIBLE 2.0. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. https://phoible.org/languages/norw1259
Moran, S. i McCloy, D. (Ed.). (2019). Language Vietnamese. A PHOIBLE 2.0. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. https://phoible.org/languages/viet1252
/uː/
/ɯː/
/oː/
/ɤː/
Contrast en la labialització en les vocals posteriors del gaèlic escocès.
Moran, S. i McCloy, D. (Ed.). (2019). Language Scottish Gaelic. A PHOIBLE 2.0. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. https://phoible.org/languages/scot1245
Contrasts de labialització en les vocals anteriors
Es donen també contrasts de labialització en les vocals anteriors.
Moran, S. i McCloy, D. (Ed.). (2019). Language French. A PHOIBLE 2.0. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. https://phoible.org/languages/stan1290
/iː/
/yː/
/ɪ/
/ʏ/
/eː/
/øː/
/ɛ/
/œ/
Contrast en la labialització en les vocals anteriors de l’alemany.
Moran, S. i McCloy, D. (Ed.). (2019). Language German. A PHOIBLE 2.0. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. https://phoible.org/languages/stan1295
/iː/
/yː/
/ɪ/
/ʏ/
/eː/
/ʉː/
/ɛ/
/ɵ/
/ɛː/
/øː/
/æː/
/œː/
Contrast en la labialització en les vocals anteriors del suec.
Moran, S. i McCloy, D. (Ed.). (2019). Language Swedish. A PHOIBLE 2.0. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. https://phoible.org/languages/swed1254
